Thermogenesis of brown fat adipose tissue in response to aerobic exercise
محورهای موضوعی : فیزیولوژی ورزشی
Sarvenaz Aliasgari
1
,
Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani
2
,
sirvan Atashak
3
,
maghsoud peeri
4
,
Saleh Rahmati
5
1 - Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 - Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3 - Department of physcical education and sport since, mah.c., Islamic Azad iniversity, Mahabad, Iran
4 - 1. Department of Sports Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
5 - Department of Physical Education, Pardis Branch, Islamic Azad University, Pardis, Iran.
کلید واژه: Aerobic exercise, thermogenesis, UCP1,
چکیده مقاله :
Due to decreased physical activity and excessive energy intake, obesity and its related metabolic diseases have become increasingly prevalent worldwide. Aerobic exercise is recognized as an effective non-pharmacological strategy for obesity management, acting through multiple mechanisms, including increased energy expenditure, improved substrate utilization, and regulation of body composition. One proposed mechanism is the activation of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Brown adipose tissue is rich in mitochondria and expresses uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which enables the oxidation of glucose and fatty acids to generate heat rather than adenosine triphosphate. Through this process, BAT can contribute to daily energy expenditure and may help prevent excessive fat accumulation. Cold exposure, regular physical activity, and certain phytochemical compounds have been reported to activate thermogenic signaling pathways and enhance energy metabolism, partly through sympathetic stimulation and beta-3 adrenergic receptor activation in BAT. Although animal studies, particularly in rodent models, have suggested that aerobic exercise may stimulate brown fat thermogenesis and browning of white adipose tissue, evidence in humans remains limited and inconsistent. Some studies have reported beneficial effects, whereas others have failed to confirm a significant change in BAT activity after exercise training. Therefore, the thermogenic role of aerobic exercise in humans remains uncertain. Further well-designed clinical studies are needed to clarify whether exercise-induced activation of brown adipose tissue contributes meaningfully to obesity prevention and metabolic health.
Due to decreased physical activity and excessive energy intake, obesity and its related metabolic diseases have become increasingly prevalent worldwide. Aerobic exercise is recognized as an effective non-pharmacological strategy for obesity management, acting through multiple mechanisms, including increased energy expenditure, improved substrate utilization, and regulation of body composition. One proposed mechanism is the activation of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Brown adipose tissue is rich in mitochondria and expresses uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which enables the oxidation of glucose and fatty acids to generate heat rather than adenosine triphosphate. Through this process, BAT can contribute to daily energy expenditure and may help prevent excessive fat accumulation. Cold exposure, regular physical activity, and certain phytochemical compounds have been reported to activate thermogenic signaling pathways and enhance energy metabolism, partly through sympathetic stimulation and beta-3 adrenergic receptor activation in BAT. Although animal studies, particularly in rodent models, have suggested that aerobic exercise may stimulate brown fat thermogenesis and browning of white adipose tissue, evidence in humans remains limited and inconsistent. Some studies have reported beneficial effects, whereas others have failed to confirm a significant change in BAT activity after exercise training. Therefore, the thermogenic role of aerobic exercise in humans remains uncertain. Further well-designed clinical studies are needed to clarify whether exercise-induced activation of brown adipose tissue contributes meaningfully to obesity prevention and metabolic health.
1- Hall KD, Farooqi IS, Friedman JM, Klein S, Loos RJF, Mangelsdorf DJ, O'Rahilly S, Ravussin E, Redman LM, Ryan DH, Speakman JR, Tobias DK. The energy balance model of obesity: beyond calories in, calories out. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022 May 1;115(5):1243-1254.
2- Hopkins M, Blundell JE. Energy balance, body composition, sedentariness and appetite regulation: pathways to obesity. Clin Sci (Lond). 2016 Sep 1;130(18):1615-28.
3- Nowicka G. Obesity and Obesity-Related Disorders-Editorial. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Jul 21;25(14):7954.
4- Čermáková E, Forejt M. Metabolically healthy obesity and health risks - a review of meta-analyses. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2024 Mar;32(1):3-8.
5- Wu J, Cohen P, Spiegelman BM. Adaptive thermogenesis in adipocytes: is beige the new brown? Genes Dev. 2013 Feb 1;27(3):234-50.
6- Virtanen KA, Lidell ME, Orava J, Heglind M, Westergren R, Niemi T, et al.. Functional brown adipose tissue in healthy adults. N Engl J Med. (2009) 360:1518–25.
7- Chen KY, Brychta RJ, Linderman JD, Smith S, Courville A, Dieckmann W, et al. Brown fat activation mediates cold-induced thermogenesis in adult humans in response to a mild decrease in ambient temperature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2013) 98:E1218–23.
8- Zhang Q, Ye H, Miao Q, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Zhu X, et al.. Differences in the metabolic status of healthy adults with and without active brown adipose tissue. Wien Klin Wochenschr. (2013) 125:687–95.
9- Saito M. Brown adipose tissue as a regulator of energy expenditure and body fat in humans. Diabetes Metab J. (2013) 37:22–9.
10- Barbosa MA, Guerra-Sá R, De Castro UGM, de Lima WG, Dos Santos RAS, Campagnole-Santos MJ, Alzamora AC. Physical training improves thermogenesis and insulin pathway, and induces remodeling in white and brown adipose tissues. J Physiol Biochem. 2018 Aug;74(3):441-454.
11- Gaspar RC, Muñoz VR, Kuga GK, Nakandakari SCBR, Minuzzi LG, Botezelli JD, da Silva ASR, Cintra DE, de Moura LP, Ropelle ER, Pauli JR. Acute physical exercise increases leptin-induced hypothalamic extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 phosphorylation and thermogenesis of obese mice. J Cell Biochem. 2019 Jan;120(1):697-704.
12- Nedergaard J, Cannon B. Brown adipose tissue as a heat-producing thermoeffector. Handb Clin Neurol (2018) 156:137–52.
13- Fenzl A, Kiefer FW. Brown adipose tissue and thermogenesis. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 2014 Jul;19(1):25-37.
14- Fedorenko A, Lishko PV, Kirichok Y. Mechanism of fatty-acid-dependent UCP1 uncoupling in brown fat mitochondria. Cell. 2012 Oct 12;151(2):400-13.
15- Chouchani ET, Kazak L, Spiegelman BM. New Advances in Adaptive Thermogenesis: UCP1 and Beyond. Cell Metab (2018) 29(1):27–37.
16- Azhar Y, Parmar A, Miller CN, Samuels JS, Rayalam S. Phytochemicals as novel agents for the induction of browning in white adipose tissue. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2016 Dec 3;13:89.
17- Ikeda K, Maretich P, Kajimura S. The Common and Distinct Features of Brown and Beige Adipocytes. Trends Endocrinol Metab (2018) 29(3):191–200.
18- Jung SM, Sanchez-Gurmaches J, Guertin DA. Brown Adipose Tissue Development and Metabolism. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2019;251:3-36.
19- Tabuchi C, Sul HS. Signaling Pathways Regulating Thermogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021 Mar 26;12:595020. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.595020. Erratum in: Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021 Jun 22;12:698619. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.698619.
20- Liu J, Wang Y, Lin L. Small molecules for fat combustion: targeting obesity. Acta Pharm Sin B (2019) 9(2):220–36.
21- Yi D, Nguyen HP, Sul HS. Epigenetic dynamics of the thermogenic gene program of adipocytes. Biochem J (2020) 477(6):1137–48.
22- Bartelt A, Heeren J. Adipose tissue browning and metabolic health. Nat Rev Endocrinol. (2014) 10:24–36. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2013.204
23- Richard D, Rivest S. The role of exercise in thermogenesis and energy balance. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. (1989) 67:402–9. doi: 10.1139/y89-064
24- De Matteis R, Lucertini F, Guescini M, Polidori E, Zeppa S, Stocchi V, Cinti S, Cuppini R. Exercise as a new physiological stimulus for brown adipose tissue activity. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013 Jun;23(6):582-90.
25- Yoshioka K, Yoshida T, Wakabayashi Y, Nishioka H, Kondo M. Effects of exercise training on brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in ovariectomized obese rats. Endocrinol Jpn. 1989 Jun;36(3):403-8.
26- Almeida DL, Moreira VM, Cardoso LE, Junior MDF, Pavanelo A, Ribeiro TA, da Silva Franco CC, Tófolo LP, Peres MNC, Ribeiro MVG, Ferreira ARO, Gomes RM, Miranda RA, Trevenzoli IH, Armitage JA, Palma-Rigo K, de Freitas Mathias PC. Lean in one way, in obesity another: effects of moderate exercise in brown adipose tissue of early overfed male Wistar rats. Int J Obes (Lond). 2022 Jan;46(1):137-143.
27- Rahmani N, Motamedi P, Amani-Shalamzari S, Escobar KA, Suzuki K. Swimming in cold water increases the browning process by diminishing the Myostatin pathway. Mol Biol Rep. 2024 Aug 2;51(1):884.
28- Shams S, Amirinejad M, Amani-Shalamzari S, Rajabi H, Suzuki K. Swimming in cold water upregulates genes involved in thermogenesis and the browning of white adipose tissues. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 2023 Apr-May;265:110834.
29- de Las Heras N, Klett-Mingo M, Ballesteros S, Martín-Fernández B, Escribano Ó, Blanco-Rivero J, Balfagón G, Hribal ML, Benito M, Lahera V, Gómez-Hernández A. Chronic Exercise Improves Mitochondrial Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Brown Adipose Tissue. Front Physiol. 2018 Aug 17;9:1122.
30- De Matteis R, Lucertini F, Guescini M, Polidori E, Zeppa S, Stocchi V, Cinti S, Cuppini R. Exercise as a new physiological stimulus for brown adipose tissue activity. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013 Jun;23(6):582-90.
31- Singhal V, Maffazioli GD, Ackerman KE, Lee H, Elia EF, Woolley R, et al. Effect of chronic athletic activity on brown fat in young women. PLoS ONE. (2016) 11:e0156353.
32- Vidal P, Stanford KI. Exercise-Induced Adaptations to Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020 Apr 29;11:270.